(* Content-type: application/mathematica *) (*** Wolfram Notebook File ***) (* http://www.wolfram.com/nb *) (* CreatedBy='Mathematica 6.0' *) (*CacheID: 234*) (* Internal cache information: NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookDataPosition[ 145, 7] NotebookDataLength[ 107708, 2814] NotebookOptionsPosition[ 102905, 2675] NotebookOutlinePosition[ 103355, 2694] CellTagsIndexPosition[ 103312, 2691] WindowFrame->Normal ContainsDynamic->False*) (* Beginning of Notebook Content *) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\<\ Multiplication et division \[EAcute]gyptiennes\ \>", "Subtitle", CellChangeTimes->{{3.469959517989401*^9, 3.469959539621401*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Introduction", "Section", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699431944744005`*^9, 3.4699432039394007`*^9}, { 3.469945757666401*^9, 3.4699457718184004`*^9}, {3.4699595060244007`*^9, 3.469959511890401*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "La m\[EAcute]thode utilis\[EAcute]e par les Egyptiens est attest\[EAcute]e \ par le papyrus de ", StyleBox["Rhind ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "(vers 1600 avant J. C) qui se r\[EAcute]f\[EGrave]re \[AGrave] des \ documents du ", StyleBox["Moyen Empire", FontSlant->"Italic"], " (environ 2000 ans avant J. C). Les algorithmes de multiplication et de \ division sont sugg\[EAcute]r\[EAcute]s par une liste de probl\[EGrave]mes. \ Pour parodier ", StyleBox["Napol\[EAcute]on", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", \[LessLess] ", StyleBox["Du haut de ces algorithmes, 40 si\[EGrave]cles vous contemplent !", FontSlant->"Italic"], " \[GreaterGreater]." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699627453824005`*^9, 3.4699627762644005`*^9}, { 3.4699630665654006`*^9, 3.469963073508401*^9}, {3.4699631053334007`*^9, 3.4699631088814006`*^9}, {3.4699631560764008`*^9, 3.4699633166434007`*^9}, { 3.4699633974474006`*^9, 3.4699635334124002`*^9}, {3.4699636936644006`*^9, 3.4699637040804005`*^9}, {3.469963736805401*^9, 3.4699637417264004`*^9}, { 3.4699761029632006`*^9, 3.4699761641672006`*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "Dans cette pr\[EAcute]sentation, la m\[EAcute]thode sera r\[EAcute]interpr\ \[EAcute]t\[EAcute]e dans un langage moderne. Les algorithmes sont exprim\ \[EAcute]s en langage ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " et les id\[EAcute]es guides sont formul\[EAcute]es en commentant un \ exemple num\[EAcute]rique." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.469959660508401*^9, 3.4699596920644007`*^9}, { 3.4699633308034005`*^9, 3.469963383093401*^9}, {3.4699637719194007`*^9, 3.4699637768674006`*^9}, {3.469963835074401*^9, 3.4699639212814007`*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Soit, par exemple, le produit suivant \[AGrave] effectuer\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.469959660508401*^9, 3.4699596920644007`*^9}, { 3.4699633308034005`*^9, 3.469963383093401*^9}, {3.4699637719194007`*^9, 3.4699637768674006`*^9}, 3.469963835074401*^9}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"181", " ", "\[Times]", " ", "273"}]], "DisplayFormula", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699596967504005`*^9, 3.4699597075504007`*^9}, { 3.4699599056674004`*^9, 3.4699599085464005`*^9}}, TextAlignment->-0.5], Cell["\<\ Une m\[EAcute]thode consiste \[AGrave] exprimer le premier nombre en base 2\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.469959660508401*^9, 3.4699596920644007`*^9}, { 3.4699598032164006`*^9, 3.4699598321494007`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"181", " ", "\[Times]", " ", "273"}], "=", "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{"128", "+", "32", "+", "16", "+", "4", "+", "1"}], ")"}], "\[Times]", " ", "273"}], "=", "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"1", "\[Cross]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{"4", "\[Times]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{"16", "\[Times]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{"32", "\[Times]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{"128", "\[Times]", "273"}]}], " ", "=", " ", "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{"273", " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["2", "2"], "\[Times]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["2", "4"], "\[Times]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["2", "5"], "\[Times]", "273"}], " ", "+", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["2", "7"], "\[Times]", "273", " "}]}]}]}]}]], "DisplayFormula", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699596967504005`*^9, 3.4699597075504007`*^9}, { 3.4699598366634007`*^9, 3.4699598477314005`*^9}, {3.4699598846154003`*^9, 3.4699600299984007`*^9}, {3.469961724074401*^9, 3.469961806567401*^9}, { 3.469961882885401*^9, 3.4699619143594007`*^9}}, TextAlignment->-0.5], Cell["\<\ Pour terminer le calcul, deux op\[EAcute]rations arithm\[EAcute]tiques \ suffisent: la multiplication de nombres par 2 et l'addition de nombres. 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CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699639788424006`*^9, 3.4699642888074007`*^9}, { 3.4699643706814003`*^9, 3.4699645150354004`*^9}, {3.4699645944484005`*^9, 3.4699650344884005`*^9}, {3.4699650690804005`*^9, 3.4699651115374002`*^9}, { 3.4699652871914005`*^9, 3.4699654456724005`*^9}, {3.4699655745504007`*^9, 3.469965770942401*^9}, {3.4699658043064003`*^9, 3.4699658663514004`*^9}, { 3.4699659054484005`*^9, 3.4699659514174004`*^9}, {3.4699707931094007`*^9, 3.469970794121401*^9}}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Division \[EAcute]gyptienne", "Section", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699431944744005`*^9, 3.4699432039394007`*^9}, { 3.4699594628114004`*^9, 3.4699594660854006`*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "Il s' agit d' une division euclidienne : le quotient est un entier et le \ reste est entier. Alors que les Egyptiens savaient manipuler certaines \ fractions, dans le papyrus de ", StyleBox["Rhind", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", le reste est g\[EAcute]n\[EAcute]ralement ignor\[EAcute]." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699693636694007`*^9, 3.4699694770064006`*^9}, { 3.4699706239034004`*^9, 3.4699707434794006`*^9}, {3.4951937139932184`*^9, 3.4951937488712187`*^9}}], Cell["\<\ A titre d'exemple, consid\[EAcute]rons le quotient de 95 432 par 285.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699762304752007`*^9, 3.4699763065892005`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"a", "=", "95432"}], ";"}], "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"b", "=", "285"}], ";"}]}], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.469943222765401*^9, 3.4699432457024007`*^9}, { 3.4699678357084007`*^9, 3.4699678663964005`*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"divise", "[", RowBox[{"a_", ",", " ", "b_"}], "]"}], ":=", RowBox[{"Module", "[", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ "i", ",", "n", ",", " ", "d", ",", " ", "e", ",", " ", "f", 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4560, il faut biffer 16; puisque 4232 \[GreaterEqual] 2280, il faut prendre 8 et former la \ diff\[EAcute]rence 4232-2280=1952; puisque 1952 \[GreaterEqual] 1140, il faut prendre 4 et former la \ diff\[EAcute]rence 1952-1140=812; puisque 812 \[GreaterEqual] 570, il faut prendre 2 et former la \ diff\[EAcute]rence 812-570=242; puisque 242 < 285, il faut biffer 1; le reste de la division est 242. colonne 4: on ne retient que les multiples de 2 situ\[EAcute]s sur des \ lignes non biff\[EAcute]es. 3-\[EGrave]me \[EAcute]tape: colonne 1: les multiples de 2 qui ont \[EAcute]t\[EAcute] retenus doivent \ \[EHat]tre additionn\[EAcute]s; colonne 2: sommes partielles; la derni\[EGrave]re somme est le quotient. R\[EAcute]ponse: le quotient est de 334 et le reste est de 242.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4699639788424006`*^9, 3.4699642888074007`*^9}, { 3.4699643706814003`*^9, 3.4699645150354004`*^9}, {3.4699645944484005`*^9, 3.4699650344884005`*^9}, {3.4699650690804005`*^9, 3.4699651115374002`*^9}, { 3.4699652871914005`*^9, 3.4699654456724005`*^9}, {3.4699655745504007`*^9, 3.469965770942401*^9}, {3.4699658043064003`*^9, 3.4699658663514004`*^9}, { 3.4699659054484005`*^9, 3.4699659514174004`*^9}, {3.4699684364214005`*^9, 3.469969351626401*^9}, {3.4699713820174007`*^9, 3.4699714010374002`*^9}, { 3.4699714665564003`*^9, 3.469971561878401*^9}, {3.4699717229934006`*^9, 3.4699717354254007`*^9}, {3.470499200405608*^9, 3.470499208230608*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\<\ Justification de la division \[EAcute]gyptienne\ \>", "Subsubsection", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4704966728182077`*^9, 3.470496676173208*^9}, { 3.4704983945752077`*^9, 3.470498422469208*^9}, {3.470498471897208*^9, 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